L.A.T.E. Dementia – A New Diagnosis

DIAGNOSIS: L.A.T.E. Dementia is important because it affects millions of people, approximately 40% of people over the age of 85. How is it recognized? What makes it different?

LATE is a newly-labeled type of dementia. It may affect as much as 40% of dementia patients over the age of 85.

How was it identified? Researchers around the world noticed that a large number of people who died in advanced age had symptoms of dementia without the telltale features of Alzheimer’s disease (“plaques and tangles”) in their brains at autopsy. Emerging research indicated that the protein TDP-43 contributed to that phenomenon.

It Looks Like Alzheimer’s, But…

LATE stands for “Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy.” LATE is a type of dementia with symptoms like Alzheimer’s disease. However, it is caused by different underlying processes in the brain.

A brain with Alzheimer’s is characterized by plaques made out of the protein amyloid beta, as well as tangles made from the tau protein. Doctors found many older dementia patients had a completely different protein causing their dementia, called TDP-43.

“Dozens of different viruses and bacteria can cause pneumonia,” explained Dr. Nelson. “So why would we think there is just one cause of dementia?”

Newly-named Dementia

With that question in mind, Nelson and colleagues set out to define diagnostic criteria and other guidelines for advancing future research into this newly-named dementia.

“We used to think that aging-related memory and thinking decline meant one thing: a disease called Alzheimer’s disease. Now we know that the disease we were calling Alzheimer’s disease is actually many different conditions, often in combination. This raises some questions: is it important to classify and differentiate those conditions? And, if so, how do we go about that?

TDP-43 is NOT Alzheimer’s Plaques & Tangles

“Cancer gives us inspiration, because in some ways that field of research is decades ahead of dementia research. In cancer, they found that different cancers are very different and respond differently to therapies, so it’s worthwhile figuring out the complexity. We are now focusing likewise on the different diseases that cause dementia.

“A type of protein deposits in the brain, called TDP-43, is very harmful to the brain and contributes to a dementia syndrome with memory loss and thinking problems,” said Nelson.

TDP-43 is usually associated with FTD (Frontotemporal Dementia), typically found in younger patients. Working with their colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania, researchers at the University of Kentucky found that they could differentiate between these two dementias, FTD and LATE. “For the first time we created criteria that could differentiate between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and a common Alzheimer’s ‘mimic’ called LATE disease,” explained Dr. Peter Nelson of the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging at the University of Kentucky. He says they validated the criteria rigorously. The study was recently published in BRAIN: A Journal of Neurology.

This work comes in the wake of a large group effort organized and funded by the National Institute on Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), that helped define LATE, by an international team of experts, including a strong contingent from U. Kentucky.

Millions Affected

As researchers stated in this recent study, “There is a general agreement that millions of persons worldwide are affected by age-related TDP-43 proteinopathy.” However, they say there are some serious gaps in the classification guidelines for the specific neurodegenerative disorders. That is why they wanted to closely compare frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and the mimic disease LATE. Ultimately, they found that the two do in fact have differentiating pathologic features.

“Until you can define a disease it’s very hard to look for a cure. Now we have a better basis to help work toward a therapy,” said Nelson.

LATE Clinical Trial

With these findings now established Dr. Nelson is looking forward to working on the first clinical trial of LATE with his colleague at UK Dr. Greg Jicha. “This is a very exciting opportunity to test a medicine that could stop the disease in its tracks, and to treat our research volunteers here at U. Kentucky,” explained Nelson.

Those working on the study say they are extremely grateful to the research volunteers, their families, and clinicians, as well as the other researchers that made this work possible. As well as the taxpayer/NIH support that made the work possible.